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. The Indian National Congress ( ) ( INC, often called Congress) is a broad-based. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of, Congress became the principal leader of the, with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants. Congress led India to independence from, and powerfully influenced other in the. Congress is a party whose platform is generally considered to be on the of.
Congress' social policy is based upon the principle of —the lifting up of all sections of society—which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people. The party primarily endorses social liberalism — seeking to balance individual and, and — asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings. After India's independence in 1947, Congress formed the, and many regional state governments. Congress became India's dominant political party; as of 2015, in the 15 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times, heading the central government for 49 years. There have been seven Congress, the first being (1947–64), and the most recent (2004–14). Although it did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014, it remains one of two major, nationwide, political parties in India, along with the right-wing, (BJP).
In the, Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member. From 2004 to 2014, the Congress-led, a coalition of several regional parties, formed the Indian government, and was headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. As of July 2017, the party is in power in four states:, and.
Mahatma Gandhi spinning yarn, in the late 1920s Foundation The Indian National Congress conducted its first session in from 28–31 December 1885 at the initiative of retired. In 1883, Hume had outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the. Its aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians, and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj.
Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in the following December was issued. Due to a outbreak there, it was moved to Bombay. Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the. Was the first president of Congress; the first session was attended by 72 delegates. Representing each province of India, the delegates comprised 54 Hindus and two Muslims; the rest were of and backgrounds. Notable representatives included Scottish ICS officer, of the Bombay Presidency Association, of the, social reformer and newspaper editor, Justice, journalist and activist, and of the.
Early years Within the next few years, Congress' demands became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the British government, and the party decided to advocate in favour of the independence movement because it would allow a new political system in which Congress could be a major party. By 1905, a division opened between the moderates led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new 'extremists' who advocated agitation, and regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism., who tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public festivals he inaugurated in western India, was prominent among the extremists. Congress included a number of prominent political figures., a member of the sister, was elected president of the party in 1886, and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the (1892–95).
Congress also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and — later leader of the and instrumental in the creation of. Congress was transformed into a mass movement by during the, and the resultant. Congress 'extremist' speaking in 1907 as the Party split into moderates and extremists.
Seated at the table is and to his right (in the chair) is, both allies of Tilak. Congress as a mass movement Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915. With the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale, Gandhi became president of Congress. After the, the party became associated with Gandhi, who remained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon.
He formed an alliance with the in 1920 to fight for preservation of the, and rights for Indians using civil disobedience or as the tool for agitation. In 1923, after the deaths of policemen at, Gandhi suspended the agitation. In protest, a number of leaders, and, resigned to set up the. The Khilafat movement collapsed and Congress was split.
The rise of Gandhi's popularity and his satyagraha art of revolution led to support from, and. As a result of prevailing nationalism, Gandhi's popularity, and the police's attempts at eradicating differences, poverty, and religious and ethnic divisions, Congress became a forceful and dominant group. Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, and ethnic and linguistic groups. At the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, (complete independence) was declared as the party's goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as 'Purna Swaraj Diwas' - Independence Day. The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, not just as demanded by Gandhi. Served as president of the Congress during 1938–39. After the passage of the, were held in India in the winter of 1936–37 in eleven provinces:, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh.
After contesting these elections, the Indian National Congress gained power in eight of them except Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. The All-India Muslim League failed to form a government in any province. Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939 in protest against Viceroy 's declaration that India was a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. In 1939, the elected president in both 1938 and 1939, resigned from Congress over the selection of the working committee. The party was not the sole representative of the Indian, other parties included the, and the. The party was an umbrella organisation, sheltering radical socialists, traditionalists, and Hindu and Muslim conservatives. Gandhi expelled all the socialist groupings, including the Congress Socialist Party, the Krishak Praja Party, and the Swarajya Party, along with Subhas Chandra Bose, in 1939.
Azad, Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in Bombay, 1940, an Indian, had been established in in 1943, and was supported. In 1946, the British tried the Indian soldiers who had fought alongside the Japanese during World War II in the. In response, Congress helped form the, which assembled a legal team to defend the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government. The team included several famous lawyers, including, and Jawaharlal Nehru. The same year, Congress members initially supported the sailors who led the, but they withdrew support at a critical juncture and the mutiny failed. Post-independence After Indian independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country. In 1952, in the held after Independence, the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures.
It held power nationally until 1977, when it was defeated by the Janata coalition. It returned to power in 1980 and ruled until 1989, when it was once again defeated.
The party formed the government in 1991 at the head of a coalition, as well as in 2004 and 2009, when it led the United Progressive Alliance. During this period the Congress remained centre-left in its social policies while steadily shifting from a socialist to a economic outlook. The Party's rivals at state level have been national parties including the (BJP), the (CPM), and various regional parties, such as the. A post- successor to the party survived as the, a party which represented the rights of religious minorities in the state. The party's support was strongest in the Bengali-speaking province of. After the Bangladeshi War of Independence, it became known as the, but was dissolved in 1975 by the government.
Nehru/Shastri era (1947–66). The first Congress (1947–64) From 1951 until his death in 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru was Congress' paramount leader under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi, whose Indian independence movement dominated the party. Congress gained power in landslide victories in the general elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962. During his tenure, Nehru implemented policies based on, and advocated a where the government-controlled co-existed with the.
He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industries was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. The Nehru government directed investment primarily into key public sector industries — steel, iron, coal, and power — promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies. Nehru embraced secularism, economic practices based on state-driven industrialisation, and a non-aligned and non-confrontational foreign policy that became typical of the modern Congress Party. The policy of non-alignment during the meant Nehru received financial and technical support from both the and to build India's industrial base from nothing. During his period in office, there were four known assassination attempts on Nehru. The first attempt on his life was during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the in a car.
The second was by a knife-wielding rickshaw-puller in Maharashtra in 1955. A third attempt happened in in 1956. The fourth was a failed bombing attempt on railway tracks in Maharashtra in 1961. Despite threats to his life, Nehru despised having excess security personnel around him and did not like his movements to disrupt traffic. In 1964, Nehru died because of an, raising questions about the party's future. After his death, became the president of the. Kamaraj had also been involved in the Indian independence movement, and he introduced education to millions of rural poor by providing free education along with, when he was chief minister of Tamil Nadu (1954–63).
As a member of 'the syndicate', a group within Congress, he proposed the that encouraged six Congress chief ministers and six senior cabinet ministers to resign to take up party work. Kamaraj was widely credited as the 'kingmaker' in Indian politics for bringing to power in 1964. No leader except Shastri had Nehru's popular appeal. Shastri became a national hero following victory in the.
His slogan, ' ('Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer'), became very popular during the war. Shastri retained many members of Nehru's; was retained as, as was. Shastri appointed to succeed him as.
Shashtri appointed, Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter and former party president,. Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the. As Prime Minister, Shastri continued Nehru's policy of, but built closer relations with the. In the aftermath of the of 1962, and the formation of military ties between and Pakistan, Shastri's government expanded the defence budget of India's armed forces.
He also promoted the White Revolution — a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk by creating the. The Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 occurred during Shastri's tenure. On 11 January 1966, a day after signing the, Shastri died in Tashkent, reportedly of a heart attack; but the circumstances of his death remain mysterious.
Indira era (1966–84). See also:;;; and After Shastri's death, Congress elected Indira Gandhi as leader over. Once again, politician K. Kamaraj was instrumental in achieving this result. In 1967, following a poor performance in the general election, Indira Gandhi started moving towards the political left. In mid-1969, she was involved in a dispute with senior party leaders on a number of issues.
The two major issues were Gandhi supporting the independent candidate, rather than the official Congress party candidate, for the vacant post of the. The second issue was Mrs. Gandhi's abrupt nationalization of the 14 biggest banks in India, which resulted in the resignation of the finance minister, Morarji Desai. Later in the year, the Congress party president, expelled her from the party for indiscipline.
Gandhi as a counter-move launched her own faction of the INC. Gandhi's faction, called Congress (R), was supported by most of the Congress MPs while had the support of only 65 MPs. In the mid-term parliamentary elections held in 1971, the Gandhi-led Congress (R) Party won a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as the elimination of poverty. The policies of the Congress (R) Party under Gandhi before the 1971 elections included proposals to abolish the to former rulers of the, and the 1969 nationalisation of India's 14 largest banks.
Second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office The New Congress Party's popular support began to wane in the mid-1970s. From 1975, Gandhi's government grew increasingly more authoritarian and unrest among the opposition grew. On 12 June 1975, the declared Indira Gandhi's election to the, the lower house of India's parliament, void on the grounds of electoral malpractice. However, Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the. She moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest.
In response to increasing disorder and lawlessness, Gandhi's cabinet and government recommended that President declare a, which he did on 25 June 1975 based on the provisions of of the. During the nineteen-month emergency, widespread oppression and abuse of power by Gandhi's unelected younger son and political heir and his close associates occurred. This period of oppression ended on 23 January 1977, when Gandhi released all political prisoners and called fresh elections for the Lok Sabha to be held in March. The Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977. In that month's, the opposition won a landslide victory over Congress, winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha against Congress' 153.
Gandhi lost her seat to her Janata opponent. On 2 January 1978, she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I)—the I signifying Indira.
During the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition. In November 1978, Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat. In January 1980, following a for Congress (I), she was again elected prime minister. The national election commission declared Congress (I) to be the real Indian National Congress for the, and the designation I was dropped. During Gandhi's new term as prime minister, her youngest son Sanjay died in an aeroplane crash in June 1980. This led her to encourage her elder son, who was working as a pilot, to enter politics. Gradually, Indira Gandhi's politics and outlook grew more authoritarian and autocratic, and she became the central figure within the Congress Party.
As prime minister, she became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power. Gandhi's term as prime minister also saw increasing turmoil in, with demands for Sikh autonomy by and his militant followers. In 1983, they headquartered themselves in the in and started accumulating weapons. In June 1984, after several futile negotiations, Gandhi ordered the to enter the Golden Temple to establish control over the complex and remove Bhindranwale and his armed followers.
This event is known as. On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's bodyguards, and, with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence in response to her authorisation of Operation Blue Star. Gandhi was due to be interviewed by British actor, who was filming a documentary for Irish television. Her assassination prompted the, during which more than 3,000 people were killed. Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era (1985–98). Prime Minister of India (1984–1989) and President of the Indian National Congress In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of Congress, and went on to became prime minister upon her assassination. In December, he led Congress to a landslide victory, where it secured 401 seats in the legislature.
His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country's economy. Rajiv Gandhi's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired.
After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual. Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions. The damaged his reputation as an honest politician, but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004. On 21 May 1991, Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the. He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming parliamentary elections.
In 1998, an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi. The conspirators, who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies, had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 to help enforce there had fought with Tamil separatist guerrillas. Served as the (1991–96). He was the first prime minister from and the state of. Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by, who was elected prime minister in June 1991. His rise to the prime ministership was politically significant because he was the first holder of the office from South India.
His administration oversaw major and experienced several home incidents that affected India's national security. Rao, who held the, was personally responsible for the dismantling of the, which came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. He is often called the 'father of Indian economic reforms'. Future prime ministers and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies begun by Rao's government.
Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj, reversing the socialist policies of previous governments. He employed Manmohan Singh as his finance minister to begin a historic economic change.
With Rao's mandate, Singh launched India's reforms that involved implementing (IMF) policies to prevent India's impending. Rao was also referred to as for his ability to push tough economic and political legislation through the parliament while he headed a minority government. By 1996, the party's image was suffering from allegations of corruption, and in elections that year, Congress was reduced to 140 seats, its lowest number in the Lok Sabha to that point. Rao later resigned as prime minister and, in September, as party president. He was succeeded as president by, the party's first non- leader. UPA chairperson, the leader of INC since 1998 In the 1998 general election, Congress won 141 seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest tally until then. To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election, Congress leaders urged Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's widow, to assume leadership of the party.
She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs, and had stayed away from politics. After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the (NCP), led.
The breakaway faction commanded strong support in the state of Maharashtra and limited support elsewhere. The remainder continued to be known as the Indian National Congress.
Sonia Gandhi's appointment initially failed to have an impact; in the snap polls called by the (NDA) government in 1999, Congress won 114 seats — its lowest tally ever. The leadership structure was unaltered and the party campaigned strongly in the assembly elections that followed. At these elections, the party was successful; at one point, Congress ruled 15 states. In the 2004 general election, Congress forged an alliance with several regional parties, including the NCP and the. The party's campaign emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of common people, contrasting with the NDA's ' campaign that sought to highlight the successes of the NDA government in making India into a 'modern nation'. The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won 222 seats in the new parliament, defeating the NDA by a substantial margin.
With the support of the communist front, Congress won a majority and formed the new government. Despite massive support from within the party, Gandhi declined the post of prime minister, choosing to appoint Manmohan Singh instead. She remained as party president and headed the (NAC). During its first term in office, the UPA government passed several social reform bills. These included an bill, the, and a act.
The NAC, as well as that supported the government from the outside, were widely seen as being the driving force behind such legislation. The Left Front withdrew its support of the government over disagreements about the U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement. Despite the effective loss of 62 seats in parliament, the government survived the trust vote that followed. In the Lok Sabha elections held soon after, Congress won 207 seats, the highest tally of any party since 1991. The UPA as a whole won 262, enabling it to form the government for the second time. The social welfare policies of the first UPA government, and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP, are broadly credited for the victory.
By the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the party had lost much of its popular support, mainly because of several years of poor economic conditions in the country, and growing discontent over a series of corruption allegations involving government officials, including the and the. Congress won only 44 seats, which was its worst-ever performance in a national election and brought into question whether it would continue to be identified as an officially recognised party.
Election symbols. Election symbol of Indira's Congress (R) party during the period 1971-1977 As of 2014, the election symbol of Congress, as approved by the, is an image of a right hand with its palm facing front and its fingers pressed together; this is usually shown in the centre of a tricolor flag.
The hand symbol was first used by Indira Gandhi when she split from the Congress (R) faction following the 1977 elections and created the New Congress (I). The symbol of the original Congress during elections held between 1952 and 1971 was an image of two bullocks with a plough.
The symbol of Indira's Congress (R) during the 1971–77 period was a cow with a suckling calf. Congress is a party that follows a form of that supports the values of, and. Throughout much of the Cold War period, Congress supported a foreign policy of that called for India to form ties with both the Western and Eastern Blocs, but to avoid formal alliances with either. American support for Pakistan led the party to endorse a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971. In 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh.
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This Singh-led 'UPA I' government executed several key pieces of legislation and projects, including the, the Rural Employment Guarantee scheme, and the Right to Information Act. Economic policy Congress endorses a mixed economy in which the private sector and the state direct the economy, reflecting characteristics of both and. The modern Congress advocates import substitution industrialisation — the replacement of foreign imports with domestic products. The party also believes mixed economies are likely to protect the environment, standardise the welfare system, and maintain employment standards and competition. Congress also believes the Indian economy should be liberalised to increase the pace of development. In 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh introduced a, which replaced the, and has continued the and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee's government. In 2009, India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9%, becoming the second-fastest growing major economy in the world.
Healthcare and education In 2005, the Congress-led government started the National Rural Health Mission, which employed about 500,000 community health workers. It was praised by American economist. In 2006, it implemented a proposal to reserve 27% of seats in the All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), the (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), and other central higher education institutions, for, which led to the.
The Singh government also continued the programme, which includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day school meals and the opening of new schools throughout India, especially in rural areas, to fight. During Manmohan Singh's prime-ministership, eight Institutes of Technology were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh. Security and home affairs Congress has strengthened anti-terrorism laws with amendments to the (UAPA). The (NIA) was created by the UPA government soon after the, in response to the need for a central agency to combat terrorism. The Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 to implement the proposed, with the objective of increasing national security.
Foreign policy. Manmohan Singh with American President at the Congress has continued the foreign policy started by P. V. Narasimha Rao. This includes the, and the exchange of high-level visits by leaders from both countries.
The party has tried to end the border dispute with the People's Republic of China through negotiations. Have also been a concern for Congress. During Afghan President 's visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence. India is now one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan. When in power between 2004 and 2014, Congress worked on. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the US in July 2005 to negotiate an.
US President visited India in March 2006; during this visit, a nuclear agreement that would give India access to American nuclear fuel and technology in exchange for the inspection of its civil was proposed. Over two years of negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA, the and the, the agreement was signed on 10 October 2008. Congress' policy has been to cultivate friendly relations with Japan as well as countries including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Diplomatic relations with Iran have continued, and negotiations over the have taken place.
In April 2006, New Delhi hosted an India–Africa summit attended by the leaders of 15 African states. Congress' policy has also been to improve relations with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa. Presence in various states. Other parties As of December 2017, Congress is in power in the states of Punjab, Karnataka, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, where the party has majority support. In it shares power with alliance partners.
Previously, Congress governed Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and. List of current INC and UPA governments State/UT Chief Minister Party/alliance partner CM since Seats in Assembly Last election INC INC INC INC INC List of Prime Ministers No. Prime Ministers Year Duration Constituency 1 1947–64 17 years 2 (Acting Prime Minister) May–June 1964; January 1966 26 days 3 1964–66 2 years 4 1966–77, 1980–84 16 years , 5 1984–89 5 years 6 1991–96 5 years 7 2004–14 10 years List of Prime Ministers (former Congress members) A majority of non-Congress prime ministers of India are former Congress members. Prime Ministers Year Duration Constituency 1 1977–79 2 years 2 July 1979; January 1980 170 days 3 1989–90 1 year 4 1990 223 Days 5 1996–97 1 year 6 1997–98 1 year See also. 'The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress.' . 'South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947'.
'The organization that led India to independence, the Indian National Congress, was established in 1885.' Anti-colonial movements. Which, like many other nationalist movements elsewhere in the empire, were strongly infuenced by the Indian National Congress.'
. 'During the first five decades of India's independence, the left-of-center, secular Indian National Congress (INC) and its factions have ruled almost continuously. While the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
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The Indian National Congress: An Historical Sketch, by Frederick Marion De Mello. Published by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1934. The Indian National Congress, by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta. Published by J. Das Gupta, 1946. Indian National Congress: A Descriptive Bibliography of India's Struggle for Freedom, by Jagdish Saran Sharma.
Published by S. Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indian National Congress Movement, by Ramparkash Dua. Published by S. Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969, by Mahendra Prasad Singh.
Abhinav Publications, 1981. Concise History of the Indian National Congress, 1885–1947, by B. Pande, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Ravinder Kumar, Manmath Nath Das. Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1985. The Indian National Congress: An Analytical Biography, by Om P.
Published by B.R. A Century of Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, by Pran Nath Chopra, Ram Gopal, Moti Lal Bhargava. Published by Agam Prakashan, 1986. The Congress Ideology and Programme, 1920–1985, by Pitambar Datt Kaushik. Published by Gitanjali Pub. House, 1986.
Struggling and Ruling: The Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, by Jim Masselos. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1987. The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress, by A.
Moin Zaidi, Shaheda Gufran Zaidi, Indian Institute of Applied Political Research. Published by S.Chand, 1987. Indian National Congress: A Reconstruction, by Iqbal Singh, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.
Published by Riverdale Company, 1988. INC, the Glorious Tradition, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress.
Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1989. Indian National Congress: A Select Bibliography, by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar Chand.
Published by U.D.H. House, 1989. The Story of Congress PilgrFile: 1885–1985, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress.
Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1990. (7 vols). Indian National Congress in England, by Harish P. Published by Friends Publications, 1991. Women in Indian National Congress, 1921–1931, by Rajan Mahan. Published by Rawat Publications, 1999. History of Indian National Congress, 1885–2002, by Deep Chand Bandhu.
Published by Kalpaz Publications, 2003., Amales Tripathi, Barun De. Freedom Struggle. India: National Book Struggle. External links has media related to.
JAIPUR: The 13th phase of Rajasthan Pradesh Committee's, which was supposed to begin on August 4 in Hadoti region, has been postponed in view of heavy rains in the area, party sources said on Thursday. As, and districts adjoining were facing flood like situation, all public meetings connected with the Yatra there have been deferred, a party spokesperson said here. The Yatra, launched on March 30, aimed at highlighting the achievements of the Ashok Gehlot-led Congress government before the state Assembly polls, which is likely to be held later this year.