24 Volumes On Military Strategy Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang's wiki: Zhuge Liang (181–234), courtesy name Kongming, was a chancellor (or prime minister) and regent of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms. Enter the characters you see below. Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting. Enter the characters you see below. Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting.
This is a; the is. Zhuge Liang (181 – 8 October 234), Kongming, was a of the state of during the period. He is recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era, and has been compared to another great ancient Chinese strategist,. Often depicted wearing a Taoist robe and holding a made of crane feathers (called a 'Kongming fan' after him), Zhuge Liang was an important military strategist, statesman and accomplished scholar and inventor. His reputation as an intelligent and learned scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname 'Wolong' or 'Fulong' (both literally mean 'Crouching Dragon'). Is an uncommon two-character. His name – even his surname alone – has become synonymous with intelligence and strategy in.
Contents. Early life Zhuge Liang was born in AD 181 at Yangdu in Langya (modern, ). He was orphaned at a premature age, and was raised by his uncle, Zhuge Xuan. Later, he followed his uncle to live in, which was governed. Zhuge Liang enjoyed reciting Liangfu Yin (梁父吟), a folk song popular in Shandong, his birthplace.
He also liked to compare himself to and, two famous historical figures. He developed close friendships with members of the local literati, such as, Cui Zhouping, Meng Jian and Shi Tao. Zhuge Liang also maintained close relations with other well-known intellectuals such as, Pang Degong and. Huang Chengyan once told Zhuge Liang, 'I heard that you're seeking a spouse. I've an ugly daughter with a yellow face and dark complexion, but her talent matches yours.' Zhuge Liang agreed and married. Service under Liu Bei.
Zhang Feng's painting (1654) depicting Zhuge Liang reclining on a daybed At that time, resided at while he was taking shelter under 's governor,. Liu Bei visited, who told him, 'Confucian academics and common scholars, how much do they know about current affairs?
Those who analyse current affairs well are elites. Crouching Dragon and Young Phoenix are the only ones in this region.' Later recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei again, and Liu wanted to ask Xu to invite Zhuge to meet him.
However, Xu Shu replied, 'You must visit this man in person. He cannot be invited to meet you.' Liu Bei succeeded in recruiting Zhuge Liang in 207 after paying three personal visits.
Zhuge Liang presented the to Liu Bei and left his residence to follow Liu. Afterwards, Liu Bei became very close to Zhuge Liang and often had discussions with him.
And were not pleased and complained. Liu Bei explained, 'Now that I have Kongming (Zhuge Liang's style name), I am like a fish that has found water. I hope you'll stop making unpleasant remarks.' Guan Yu and Zhang Fei then stopped complaining.
As a diplomat. Main article: In 208, Liu Biao died and was succeeded by his younger son, who surrendered to. When Liu Bei heard of Liu Cong's surrender, he led his followers (both troops and civilians) on an exodus southward to, engaging Cao Cao's forces in a brief skirmish at the along the way. While in Xiakou, Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang to follow to to discuss the formation of an alliance between him and. Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan in Chaisang and proposed two solutions to Sun, 'If you can use the forces of to resist the central government, why not break ties (with Cao Cao) in advance? If you cannot oppose, why not demobilise the troops, discard your armour and surrender to the north?'
After Sun Quan's viceroy, analysed the situation and pointed out weaknesses in Cao Cao's army, Sun finally agreed to ally with Liu Bei in resisting Cao. Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei's camp with Sun Quan's envoy, Lu Su, to make preparation for the upcoming war. As a logistics officer. See also: In late 208, the allied armies of Liu Bei and Sun Quan scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao's forces at the. Cao Cao retreated to, while Liu Bei proceeded to conquer territories in, covering most of southern. Zhuge Liang was appointed 'Military Advisor General of the Household' (軍師中郎將). He was put in charge of governing Lingling (present day, ), and and collecting taxes to fund the military.
In 211, governor of Yi Province (covering present-day and ), requested aid from Liu Bei in attacking of. Liu Bei left Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others in charge of Jing Province while he led an army into Sichuan. Liu Bei promptly agreed to Liu Zhang's proposal, but secretly planned to take over Liu Zhang's land. The following year, Liu Zhang discovered Liu Bei's intention, and the two turned hostile and waged war on each other. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and led separate forces to reinforce Liu Bei in the attack on Liu Zhang's capital, while Guan Yu stayed behind to guard Jing Province.
In 214, Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei took control of Yi Province. Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as 'Military Advisor General' (軍師將軍) and let him administer affairs of his personal office (office of the General of the Left (左將軍)).
Whenever Liu Bei embarked on military campaigns, Zhuge Liang remained to defend Chengdu and ensure a steady flow of supply of troops and provisions. In 221, in response to 's usurping of 's throne, Liu Bei's subordinates advised him to declare himself. After initially refusing, Liu Bei was eventually persuaded by Zhuge Liang to do so and became ruler of. Liu Bei named Zhuge Liang his and put him in charge of the imperial agency where Zhuge assumed the functions of Imperial Secretariat. Zhuge Liang was appointed 'Director of Retainers' (司隸校尉) after Zhang Fei's death. Service under Liu Shan. A depiction of Zhuge Liang.
In the spring of 222, Liu Bei retreated to Yong'an (present-day, ) after his defeat at the and became seriously ill. He summoned Zhuge Liang from Chengdu and said to him, 'You're ten times more talented than, and capable of both securing the country and accomplishing our great mission.
If my son can be assisted, then assist him. If he proves incompetent, then you may take over the throne.' Zhuge Liang replied tearfully, 'I'll do my utmost and serve with unwavering loyalty until death.'
Liu Bei then ordered his son, to administer state affairs together with Zhuge Liang and regard Zhuge as his father. As a regent After Liu Bei's death, Liu Shan ascended to the throne of.
He granted Zhuge Liang the title of 'Marquis of Wu' (武鄉侯) and created an office for him. Not long later, Zhuge Liang was appointed governor of Yi Province and put in charge of all state affairs. At the same time, the commanderies in rebelled against Shu, but Zhuge Liang did not send troops to suppress the revolt as Liu Bei's death was still recent. He sent and to make peace with and re-entered an alliance with Wu. Zhuge Liang would consistently send envoys to Wu to improve diplomatic relations between the two states. Southern Campaign. Main article: During his reign as, Zhuge Liang set Shu's objective as the restoration of the, which, from Shu's point of view, had been usurped.
He felt that in order to attack Wei, a complete unification of Shu was first needed. Zhuge Liang was worried that the local clans would work with the tribes in to stage a revolution.
Fearing the possibility that the peasants might rebel and press into areas surrounding the capital while he was attacking Wei in the north, Zhuge Liang decided to pacify the southern tribes first. In the spring of 225, regional clans, including Yong, Gao, Zhu, and Meng, had taken control of some cities in the south, so Zhuge Liang led an expedition force to Nanzhong. Proposed that they should attempt to win the hearts of the Nanman and rally their support instead of using military force to subdue them. Zhuge Liang heeded Ma Su's advice and defeated the rebel leader, on seven different occasions, as it was claimed in later histories such as the. He released Meng Huo each time in order to achieve Meng's genuine surrender. The story about Meng Huo's seven captures is recently questioned by many modern academics, including historians such as, and. Realising he had no chance to win, Meng Huo pledged allegiance to Shu, and was appointed by Zhuge Liang as governor of the region to keep the populace content and secure the southern Shu border.
This would ensure that the future would proceed without internal disruptions. Rich and abundant resources acquired from Nanzhong were used to fund Shu's military and the state became more prosperous. Northern Expeditions and death. Main article: After pacifying the Nanman, Zhuge Liang ordered the Shu military to make preparations for a large scale offensive on Wei. In 227, while in, he wrote a memorial, titled, to, stating his rationale for the campaign and giving advice to the emperor on good governance.
From 228 until his death in 234, Zhuge Liang launched a total of five Northern Expeditions against Wei, all except one of which failed. During the first Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang persuaded, a young Wei military officer, to surrender and defect to his side. Jiang Wei became a prominent general of Shu later and inherited Zhuge Liang's ideals.
The other permanent gains by Shu were the conquests of the impoverished Wudu and Yinping prefectures, as well as the relocation of Wei citizens to Shu on occasion. However, Zhuge Liang's army never suffered casualties over 5% of the total forces, and the resources put into the military were affordable (assuming Shu's zenith at 200,000 military strength). In the spring of 231, Zhuge Liang finally met his nemesis, (the newly appointed Wei commander), at the, the most vehement campaign of the 5 expeditions in terms of death toll.
In late 234, Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi reached a stalemate at the. Straining his energy on military matters big and small, Zhuge Liang fell seriously ill and eventually died in camp at the age of 54. Before his death, Zhuge Liang recommended and to succeed him as regent of Shu. He was buried on according to his dying wish and posthumously granted the title of 'Marquis Zhongwu' (忠武侯; literally: 'Loyal and Martial Marquis') by Liu Shan. A sculpture of Zhuge Liang in the Temple of Marquis of Wu in,. Ancestor: (諸葛豐), served as Director of Retainers during the reign of.
Father: (諸葛珪), served as Assistant in Mount Tai Commandery during the late Han dynasty. Uncle: (諸葛玄), served as Administrator of Yuzhang, joined later. He raised Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Jun. Siblings:., elder brother, served Wu. (諸葛均), younger brother, served Shu.
Elder sister, unknown name, married Pang Shanmin ('s elder cousin). Elder sister, unknown name, married a member of the Kuai clan (headed by and ) in. Cousins:., served Wei, participated in the, killed after his defeat. Spouse: Lady Huang, daughter of. She is commonly known as or Huang Shou (黃綬) in folk tales.
Sons:., served Shu, killed in action during the. Zhuge Huai (諸葛懷), lived as a commoner during the. Adopted children:., son of Zhuge Jin, adopted by Zhuge Liang, served Shu, died at a young age. Grandsons:. Zhuge Pan (諸葛攀), son of Zhuge Qiao, returned to Eastern Wu to continue the Zhuge family line there after 's death., eldest son of Zhuge Zhan, killed in action with his father during the Conquest of Shu by Wei. Zhuge Jing (諸葛京), second son of Zhuge Zhan, moved to Hedong in 264 with Zhuge Pan's son Zhuge Xian (諸葛顯), served the Jin dynasty. Zhuge Zhi (諸葛質), youngest son of Zhuge Zhan.
Descendants:. Zhuge Ziqi (諸葛梓岐), also known as Marie Zhuge, a Hong Kong model, claims to be a descendant of Zhuge Liang.
Legacy Inventions Zhuge Liang was believed to be the inventor of, the and a mysterious but efficient automatic transportation device (initially used for grain) referred to as the ' and flowing horse' (木牛流馬), which is sometimes identified with the wheelbarrow. Although he is often credited with the invention of the repeating crossbow that is named after him and called 'Zhuge Crossbow', this type of semi-automatic crossbow is an improved version of a model that first appeared during the (though there is debate whether the original Warring States Period bow was semi-automatic, or rather shot multiple bolts at once). Nevertheless, Zhuge Liang's version could shoot farther and faster. Zhuge Liang is also credited with constructing the, an array of stone piles that is said to produce supernatural phenomenon, located near. An early type of hot air balloon used for military signalling, known as the, is also named after him. It was said to be invented by Zhuge Liang when he was trapped by in Pingyang.
Friendly forces nearby saw the message on the lantern paper covering and came to Zhuge Liang's aid. Another belief is that the lantern resembled Zhuge Liang's headdress, so it was named after him. Literary works Some books popularly attributed to Zhuge Liang can be found today. For example, the, and Mastering the Art of War (not to be confused with 's ) are two of Zhuge Liang's works that are generally available. Supposedly, his mastery of infantry and cavalry formation tactics, based on the classic, were unrivalled. His memorial, the, written prior to the, provided a salutary reflection of his unwavering loyalty to the state of Shu.
The memorial moved readers to tears. Zhuge Liang is also the subject of many Chinese literary works. A poem by, a prolific poet, was written in memory of Zhuge Liang whose legacy of unwavering dedication seems to have been forgotten in Du Fu's generation (judging by the description of Zhuge Liang' unkept temple). Some historians believe that Du Fu had compared himself with Zhuge Liang in the poem.
The full text is: 蜀相 （武侯祠）. A portrait of Zhuge Liang The wisdom of Zhuge Liang was popularised by the historical novel, written by during the. In it, Zhuge Liang is described to be able to perform fantastical achievements such as summoning advantageous winds and devising magical stone mazes. There is great confusion on whether the stories are historical or fictional. At least, the is based on historical records, albeit not attributed to Zhuge Liang historically. For Chinese people, the question is largely irrelevant, as the Zhuge Liang of lore is regardless seen as a mastermind, whose examples continue to influence many layers of Chinese society. They are also argued, together with 's, to still greatly influence the modern Chinese strategical, military and everyday thinking.
See the following for the stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhuge Liang. Events before Zhuge Liang's death When Zhuge Liang fell critically ill during the, he attempted to extend his lifespan by 12 years through a ritual.
However, he failed when the ritual was disrupted by, who rushed in to warn him about the enemy's advance. Before his death, Zhuge Liang also passed his 24 Volumes on Military Strategy (兵法二十四篇) to, who would continue his legacy and lead another against the state of Wei. Worship of Zhuge Liang There are many temples and shrines built to commemorate Zhuge Liang. Some of the most famous ones include the Temple of the Marquis of Wu in, and the Temple of the Marquis of Wu in.
The Temple of the Marquis of Wu in, a temple worshiping Zhuge Liang. Modern references Film and television Notable actors who have portrayed Zhuge Liang in film and television include:., in the 1985 Hong Kong television series. Li Fazeng, in the 1985 Chinese television series., in the 1994 Chinese television series., in the 2008 Hong Kong film., in the 2008/2009 Chinese film., in the 2010 Chinese television series., in the 2012 Hong Kong television series. Video games Zhuge Liang's reputation for being an unparalleled genius is also emphasised in his portrayal in video games. Reflecting his status as the most highly regarded strategist in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, games such as and 's game series place Zhuge Liang's intelligence statistic as the highest of all characters. He is also a in Koei's, and. He also appears in, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and.
Zhuge Liang is the protagonist in Koei's tactical role-playing game, where he can die at the, as he did historically, or proceed to restore the under. Zhuge Liang appears in the game as a great general along with. Zhuge Liang appears as two separate spirits in the game.
Zhuge Liang appears in two forms in the mobile game '. Card games In the collectible card game, there is a card named Kongming, 'Sleeping Dragon' in the and sets. Zhuge Liang is also featured in the Qun Xiong Zheng Ba (群雄争霸) and Ao Shi Tian Xia (傲视天下) sets of the collectible card game. Zhuge Liang is also a main character in the card game.
Comics The young Chu-Ko Liang is a member of the League of Infinity in the superhero pastiche. In the, the protagonist of the story is a high school student named Ryang Jegal, whose life is turned upside-down by a fairy and her heavenly (and not-so-heavenly) peers. Ryang Jegal, or Jegal Ryang in the proper Asian sequence, is the Korean translation of 'Zhuge Liang'. See also. Notes.
de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). 'Zhuge Liang'. A Biographical Dictionary of the Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (AD 23 – 220). Leiden: Brill. 'Zhuge Liang 諸葛亮'. In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping. Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part Four.
Leiden: Brill. Moss Roberts.:. Off, Greg (2005).:. Dawei, Zhu; Mancang, Liang (2007). 诸葛亮大传 (Story of Zhuge Liang). Beijing Shi: Zhonghua shu ju.
External links has media related to.
An illustration of Zhuge Liang in the (1609) of In office 229 ( 229) – 234 ( 234) In office 221 ( 221) – 228 ( 228) Monarch / General of the Right (右將軍) In office 228 ( 228) – 229 ( 229) Monarch Governor of Yi Province (益州牧) In office 223 ( 223) – 234 ( 234) Monarch Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉) In office 221 ( 221) – 234 ( 234) Monarch / Preceded by Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事) In office 221 ( 221) – 234 ( 234) Monarch / Personal details Born 181, Died 234 (aged 53), Resting place, Spouse(s) Relations. Zhuge Liang (181–234), Kongming, was a Chinese politician, military strategist, writer, engineer and inventor.
He served as the and of the state of during the period. He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era, and has been compared to, the author of. Often depicted wearing a robe and holding a made of crane feathers, Zhuge Liang was an important military strategist, statesman and accomplished scholar and inventor. His reputation as an intelligent and learned scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname 'Wolong' or 'Fulong' (both literally mean 'Crouching Dragon'). Though Confucian oriented, Zhuge was also a self-avowed. He compared himself with, developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power.
He attached great importance to the works of and, refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages. Is an uncommon two-character. His name – even his surname alone – has become synonymous with loyalty, intelligence and strategy in. In 760, when of the built a temple to honour, he had sculptures of Zhuge Liang and another nine famous historical military generals/strategists –, and – placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue. Contents.
Early life Zhuge Liang was born in Yangdu County, Langya Commandery, which is in present-day,. Orphaned at a young age, he was raised by his father's cousin,. Later, he followed Zhuge Xuan to live in, which was governed. Zhuge Liang enjoyed reciting Liangfu Yin (梁父吟), a folk song popular in Shandong, his birthplace. He also liked to compare himself to and, two famous historical figures. He developed close friendships with members of the local literati, such as, Cui Zhouping, Meng Jian and Shi Tao.
Zhuge Liang also maintained close relations with other well-known intellectuals such as, Pang Degong and. Huang Chengyan once told Zhuge Liang, 'I heard that you're seeking a spouse.
I've an ugly daughter with a yellow face and dark complexion, but her talent matches yours.' Zhuge Liang agreed and married. Service under Liu Bei. Zhang Feng's painting (1654) depicting Zhuge Liang reclining on a daybed At that time, resided at while he was taking shelter under 's governor,. Liu Bei visited, who told him, 'Confucian academics and common scholars, how much do they know about current affairs? Those who analyse current affairs well are elites.
Crouching Dragon and Young Phoenix are the only ones in this region.' Later recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei again, and Liu wanted to ask Xu to invite Zhuge to meet him. However, Xu Shu replied, 'You must visit this man in person. He cannot be invited to meet you.' Liu Bei succeeded in recruiting Zhuge Liang in 207 after paying three personal visits. Zhuge Liang presented the to Liu Bei and left his residence to follow Liu.
Afterwards, Liu Bei became very close to Zhuge Liang and often had discussions with him. And were not pleased and complained. Liu Bei explained, 'Now that I have Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. I hope you'll stop making unpleasant remarks.' Guan Yu and Zhang Fei then stopped complaining. As a diplomat. Main article: In 208, Liu Biao died and was succeeded by his younger son, who surrendered to.
When Liu Bei heard of Liu Cong's surrender, he led his followers (both troops and civilians) on an exodus southward to, engaging Cao Cao's forces in a brief skirmish at the along the way. While in Xiakou, Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang to follow to to discuss the formation of an alliance between him and. Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan in Chaisang and proposed two solutions to him, 'If you can use the forces of to resist the central government, why not break ties (with Cao Cao) in advance? If you cannot oppose, why not demobilise the troops, discard your armour and surrender to the north?' After Sun Quan's viceroy, analysed the situation and pointed out weaknesses in Cao Cao's army, Sun finally agreed to ally with Liu Bei in resisting Cao Cao.
Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei's camp with Sun Quan's envoy, Lu Su, to make preparation for the upcoming war. As a logistics officer. See also: In late 208, the allied armies of Liu Bei and Sun Quan scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao's forces at the. Cao Cao retreated to, while Liu Bei proceeded to conquer territories in, covering most of southern. Zhuge Liang was appointed Military Advisor General of the Household (軍師中郎將).
He was put in charge of governing Lingling (present day, ), and and collecting taxes to fund the military. In 211, governor of Yi Province (covering present-day and ), requested aid from Liu Bei in attacking in. Liu Bei left Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others in charge of Jing Province while he led an army into Yi Province.
Liu Bei promptly agreed to Liu Zhang's proposal, but secretly planned to take over Liu Zhang's land. The following year, Liu Zhang discovered Liu Bei's intention, and the two turned hostile and waged war on each other. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and led separate forces to reinforce Liu Bei in the attack on Yi Province's capital, while Guan Yu stayed behind to guard Jing Province.
In 214, Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei took control of Yi Province. Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as Military Advisor General (軍師將軍) and let him administer affairs of his personal office (office of the General of the Left (左將軍)).
Whenever Liu Bei embarked on military campaigns, Zhuge Liang remained to defend Chengdu and ensured a steady flow of supply of troops and provisions. In 221, in response to 's usurping of 's throne, Liu Bei's subordinates advised him to declare himself. After initially refusing, Liu Bei was eventually persuaded by Zhuge Liang to do so and became ruler of. Liu Bei named Zhuge Liang his and put him in charge of the imperial agency where Zhuge assumed the functions of the head of the imperial secretariat. Zhuge Liang was appointed Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉) after Zhang Fei's death.
Service under Liu Shan. A 20th century depiction of Zhuge Liang. In the spring of 223, Liu Bei retreated to Yong'an (present-day, ) after his defeat at the and became seriously ill. He summoned Zhuge Liang from Chengdu and said to him, 'You're ten times more talented than, and capable of both securing the country and accomplishing our great mission. If my son can be assisted, then assist him. If he proves incompetent, then you may take over the throne.'
Zhuge Liang replied tearfully, 'I'll do my utmost and serve with unwavering loyalty until death.' Liu Bei then ordered his son, to administer state affairs together with Zhuge Liang and regard Zhuge as his father. As a regent After Liu Bei's death, Liu Shan ascended to the throne of. He granted Zhuge Liang the title 'Marquis of Wu District' (武鄉侯) and created an office for him. Not long later, Zhuge Liang was appointed governor of Yi Province and put in charge of all state affairs. At the same time, the commanderies in rebelled against Shu, but Zhuge Liang did not send troops to suppress the revolt as Liu Bei's death was still recent. He sent and to make peace with and reentered an alliance with Wu.
Zhuge Liang would consistently send envoys to Wu to improve diplomatic relations between the two states. Southern Campaign. Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign During his reign as, Zhuge Liang set Shu's objective as the restoration of the, which, from Shu's point of view, had been usurped by the state of. He felt that in order to attack Wei, a complete unification of Shu was first needed.
Zhuge Liang was worried that the local clans would work with the tribes in to stage a revolt. Fearing the possibility that the peasants might rebel and press into areas surrounding the capital while he was attacking Wei in the north, Zhuge Liang decided to pacify the southern tribes first. In the spring of 225, regional clans, including Yong, Gao, Zhu and Meng, had taken control of some cities in the south, so Zhuge Liang led an expedition force to Nanzhong. Proposed that they should attempt to win the hearts of the Nanman and rally their support instead of using military force to subdue them. Zhuge Liang heeded Ma Su's advice and defeated the rebel leader, on seven different occasions, as it was claimed in later histories such as the.
He released Meng Huo each time in order to achieve Meng's genuine surrender. The story about Meng Huo's seven captures is recently questioned by many modern academics, including historians such as, and. Realising he had no chance to win, Meng Huo pledged allegiance to Shu, and was appointed by Zhuge Liang as governor of the region to keep the populace content and secure the southern Shu border.
This would ensure that the future would proceed without internal disruptions. Rich and abundant resources acquired from Nanzhong were used to fund Shu's military and the state became more prosperous. Northern Expeditions and death.
Main article: After pacifying the Nanman, Zhuge Liang ordered the Shu military to make preparations for a large scale offensive on Wei. In 227, while in, he wrote a memorial, titled, to, stating his rationale for the campaign and giving advice to the emperor on good governance. From 228 until his death in 234, Zhuge Liang launched a total of five Northern Expeditions against Wei, all except one of which failed.
China White Paper On Military Strategy
During the first Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang persuaded, a young Wei military officer, to surrender and defect to his side. Jiang Wei became a prominent general of Shu later and continued Zhuge Liang's legacy of an aggressive foreign policy against Wei. The other permanent gains by Shu were the conquests of the impoverished Wudu and Yinping commanderies, as well as the relocation of Wei citizens to Shu territories on occasion. In the spring of 231, Zhuge Liang finally met his nemesis, (the newly appointed Wei commander), at the, the deadliest campaign of the five expeditions in terms of death toll. In late 234, Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi reached a stalemate at the.
Straining his energy on military matters big and small, Zhuge Liang fell seriously ill and eventually died in camp at the age of 53. Before his death, Zhuge Liang recommended and to succeed him as regent of Shu. He was buried on according to his dying wish and posthumously granted the title 'Marquis Zhongwu' (忠武侯; literally 'loyal and martial marquis') by Liu Shan. Family and descendants.
A sculpture of Zhuge Liang in the Temple of Marquis of Wu in,. Zhuge Liang's ancestor, Zhuge Feng (諸葛豐), served as the Colonel-Director of Retainers during the reign of of the Han dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui (諸葛珪), served as an assistant officer in Mount Tai Commandery in the late Han dynasty. Zhuge Liang's cousin-uncle, who raised Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Jun, served as the Administrator of Yuzhang Commandery before serving under, the Governor of. Zhuge Liang had an elder brother, a younger brother, and two elder sisters. His elder brother, served under the warlord and later in the state of. His younger brother, Zhuge Jun (諸葛均), served in the state of.
One of Zhuge Liang's sisters married Pang Shanmin, a cousin of, while the other sister married a member of the prominent Kuai family headed by and in. Zhuge Liang married the daughter of. She was a maternal niece of Liu Biao and because her mother (Huang Chengyan's wife) was Lady Cai's younger sister. Although her name was not recorded in history, she is commonly referred to by the name ' in popular culture. Zhuge Liang had at least two sons.
His elder son, served as a general in Shu and was killed in action during the. His younger son, Zhuge Huai (諸葛懷), lived as a commoner during the. Zhuge Liang initially had no sons, so he adopted his nephew, (Zhuge Jin's son). Zhuge Qiao served in Shu and died at a relatively young age. According to legend, Zhuge Liang had a daughter, Zhuge Guo (諸葛果), but her existence is disputed by historians. Zhuge Qiao's son, Zhuge Pan (諸葛攀), returned to Eastern Wu after 's death to continue Zhuge Jin's family line there.
Zhuge Zhan had three sons. The eldest, served Shu and was killed in action together with his father. The second, Zhuge Jing (諸葛京), moved to Hedong Commandery in 264 with Zhuge Pan's son, Zhuge Xian (諸葛顯), and came to serve the Jin dynasty later. The youngest was Zhuge Zhi (諸葛質)., one of Zhuge Liang's cousins, served in the state of and masterminded of the. He was killed after his defeat. Zhuge Ziqi (諸葛梓岐; born 1983), also known as Marie Zhuge, is a Hong Kong model who claims descent from Zhuge Liang. Legacy Inventions Zhuge Liang was believed to be the inventor of, the and a mysterious but efficient automatic transportation device (initially used for grain) referred to as the ' and flowing horse' (木牛流馬), which is sometimes identified with the wheelbarrow.
Although he is often credited with the invention of the that is named after him and called the 'Zhuge Crossbow' (諸葛弩), this type of semi-automatic crossbow is an improved version of a model that first appeared during the (though there is debate over whether the original Warring States period bow was semi-automatic, or rather shot multiple bolts at once). Nevertheless, Zhuge Liang's version could shoot farther and faster. Zhuge Liang is also credited with constructing the, an array of stone piles that is said to produce supernatural phenomenon, located near. An early type of hot air balloon used for military signalling, known as the, is also named after him. It was said to be invented by Zhuge Liang when he was trapped by in Pingyang. Friendly forces nearby saw the message on the lantern paper covering and came to Zhuge Liang's aid.
Another belief is that the lantern resembled Zhuge Liang's headdress, so it was named after him. Literary works Some books popularly attributed to Zhuge Liang can be found today. For example, the, and Mastering the Art of War (not to be confused with 's ) are two commonly available works attributed to Zhuge Liang. Supposedly, his mastery of infantry and cavalry formation tactics, based on the classic, were unrivalled. His memorial, the, written prior to the, provided a salutary reflection of his unwavering loyalty to the state of Shu. The memorial moved some readers to tears.
In addition, he wrote Admonition to His Son (諸葛亮誡子書) in which he reflected on his humbleness and frugality in pursuit of a meaningful life. Zhuge Liang is also the subject of many Chinese literary works. A poem by, a prolific poet, was written in memory of Zhuge Liang whose legacy of unwavering dedication seems to have been forgotten in Du Fu's generation (judging by the description of Zhuge Liang' unkept temple). Some historians believe that Du Fu had compared himself with Zhuge Liang in the poem.
The full text is: 蜀相 （武侯祠）. A portrait of Zhuge Liang The wisdom of Zhuge Liang was popularised by the historical novel, written by during the.
In it, Zhuge Liang is described to be able to perform fantastical achievements such as summoning advantageous winds and devising magical stone mazes. There is great confusion on whether the stories are historical or fictional. At least, the is based on historical records, albeit not attributed to Zhuge Liang historically. For Chinese people, the question is largely irrelevant, as the Zhuge Liang of lore is regardless seen as a mastermind, whose examples continue to influence many layers of Chinese society.
They are also argued, together with 's, to still greatly influence the modern Chinese strategical, military and everyday thinking. See the following for the stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhuge Liang. Events before Zhuge Liang's death When Zhuge Liang fell critically ill during the, he attempted to extend his lifespan by 12 years through a ritual.
However, he failed when the ritual was disrupted by, who rushed in to warn him about the enemy's advance. Before his death, Zhuge Liang also passed his 24 Volumes on Military Strategy (兵法二十四篇) to, who would continue his legacy and lead another against the state of Cao Wei.
Worship of Zhuge Liang There are many temples and shrines built to commemorate Zhuge Liang. Some of the most famous ones include the Temple of the Marquis of Wu in, and the Temple of the Marquis of Wu in.
The Temple of the Marquis of Wu in, a temple worshiping Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang is also sometimes venerated as a at and, usually in partnership with of. In popular culture Film and television Notable actors who have portrayed Zhuge Liang in film and television include:, in (1985); Li Fazeng, in (1985);, in (1994);, in (2008);, in (2008–09);, in (2010);, in (2012). Video games Zhuge Liang's reputation for being an unparalleled genius is also emphasised in his portrayal in video games. Reflecting his status as the most highly regarded strategist in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, games such as and 's game series place Zhuge Liang's intelligence statistic as the highest of all characters.
He is also a playable character in Koei's, and. He also appears in, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and. Zhuge Liang is the protagonist in Koei's tactical role-playing game, where he can die at the, as he did historically, or proceed to restore the under. Zhuge Liang appears in the turn-based strategy games and as a great general along with. Zhuge Liang appears as two separate spirits in the game. Zhuge Liang appears in at least two forms in the mobile game. Zhuge Liang appears as a summonable Pseudo-Servant in the mobile game, with most of his skills portraying him as a skilled tactician.
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Card games In the collectible card game, there is a card named Kongming, 'Sleeping Dragon' in the and sets. Zhuge Liang is also featured in the Qun Xiong Zheng Ba (群雄争霸) and Ao Shi Tian Xia (傲视天下) sets of the collectible card game. Zhuge Liang is also a main character in the card game. Comics The young Zhuge Liang is a member of the League of Infinity in the superhero pastiche. In the, the protagonist of the story is a high school student named Ryang Jegal, whose life is turned upside-down by a fairy and her heavenly (and not-so-heavenly) peers. Ryang Jegal, or Jegal Ryang in the proper Asian sequence, is the Korean translation of 'Zhuge Liang'.
See also. 'Zhuge Liang'. A Biographical Dictionary of the Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (AD 23 – 220). Leiden: Brill. 'Zhuge Liang 諸葛亮'.
In Knechtges, David R.; Taiping, Chang. Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part Four. Leiden: Brill.
Translated by Roberts, Moss. Off, Greg (2005). Roseville, Ontario:.
Zhu, Dawei; Liang, Mancang (2007). 诸葛亮大传 (Story of Zhuge Liang). Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing. External links has media related to.